Exploring Student Readiness for AI-Assisted Learning: A Preliminary Study in Indonesian Universities
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.58524/aidie.v1i1.57Keywords:
AI readiness, digital literacy, AI-assisted learning, higher education, student preparednessAbstract
This study examined the emerging educational challenge of students’ readiness for AI-assisted learning in Indonesian universities, focusing on how cognitive, technological, and affective factors shape their preparedness to engage with AI-supported instructional environments. Using a quantitative, cross-sectional survey design, data were collected from 189 undergraduate students across diverse academic programs using validated AI readiness scales administered through an online questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential analyses revealed moderate to high readiness levels overall, with prior exposure to AI tools showing significant associations with cognitive and technological readiness, while gender and study major did not produce meaningful differences. Effect sizes indicated that experiential familiarity contributed more strongly to readiness than demographic variables. These findings highlight the developmental need to strengthen AI literacy and equitable digital access in higher education. The study offers empirical insights to guide curriculum design, institutional policy, and future research on responsible and developmentally aligned AI integration.
Downloads
References
Abdo-Salloum, A. M., & Al-Mousawi, H. Y. (2025). Accounting Students’ Technology Readiness, Perceptions, and Digital Competence Toward Artificial Intelligence Adoption in Accounting Curricula. Journal of Accounting Education, 70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccedu.2025.100951
Abou Hashish, E. A., & Alnajjar, H. (2024). Digital proficiency: assessing knowledge, attitudes, and skills in digital transformation, health literacy, and artificial intelligence among university nursing students. BMC Medical Education, 24(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-024-05482-3
Abulail, R. N., Badran, O. N., Shkoukani, M. A., & Omeish, F. (2025). Exploring the Factors Influencing AI Adoption Intentions in Higher Education: An Integrated Model of DOI, TOE, and TAM. Computers, 14(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14060230
Akpen, C. N., Asaolu, S., Atobatele, S., Okagbue, H., & Sampson, S. (2024). Impact of online learning on student’s performance and engagement: a systematic review. Discover Education, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s44217-024-00253-0
Al-Abdullatif, A. M. (2025). Auditing AI Literacy Competency in K–12 Education: The Role of Awareness, Ethics, Evaluation, and Use in Human–Machine Cooperation. Systems, 13(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13060490
Alam, S. S., Ahmed, S., & Kokash, H. A. (2024). Interplay of perceived organizational and external e-readiness in the adoption and integration of augmented reality and virtual reality technologies in Malaysian higher education institutions. Education and Information Technologies, 29(11), 13735–13761. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-023-12428-7
Alamäki, A., Khan, U. A., Kauttonen, J., & Schlögl, S. (2024). An Experiment of AI-Based Assessment: Perspectives of Learning Preferences, Benefits, Intention, Technology Affinity, and Trust. Education Sciences, 14(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14121386
Allam, H. M., Gyamfi, B., & AlOmar, B. (2025). Sustainable Innovation: Harnessing AI and Living Intelligence to Transform Higher Education. Education Sciences, 15(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15040398
Almusawi, H. A., & Durugbo, C. M. (2024). Linking task-technology fit, innovativeness, and teacher readiness using structural equation modelling. Education and Information Technologies, 29(12), 14899–14928. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-023-12440-x
Alshahrani, B. T., Pileggi, S. F., & Karimi, F. (2024). A Social Perspective on AI in the Higher Education System: A Semisystematic Literature Review. Electronics (Switzerland), 13(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13081572
Avsec, S., & Rupnik, D. (2025). From Transformative Agency to AI Literacy: Profiling Slovenian Technical High School Students Through the Five Big Ideas Lens. Systems, 13(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13070562
Balaskas, S., Stamatiou, I., Komis, K., & Nikolopoulos, T. (2025). Perceptions of Greenwashing and Purchase Intentions: A Model of Gen Z Responses to ESG-Labeled Digital Advertising. Risks, 13(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/risks13080157
Biagini, G. (2025). Towards an AI-Literate Future: A Systematic Literature Review Exploring Education, Ethics, and Applications. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-025-00466-w
Chiu, T. K. F., Ahmad, Z., Ismailov, M., & Sanusi, I. T. (2024). What are artificial intelligence literacy and competency? A comprehensive framework to support them. Computers and Education Open, 6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeo.2024.100171
Falebita, O. S., & Kok, P. J. (2025). Artificial Intelligence Tools Usage: A Structural Equation Modeling of Undergraduates’ Technological Readiness, Self-Efficacy and Attitudes. Journal for STEM Education Research, 8(2), 257–282. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41979-024-00132-1
Felemban, H., Sohail, M., & Ruikar, K. (2024). Exploring the Readiness of Organisations to Adopt Artificial Intelligence. Buildings, 14(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14082460
Fite, R. E., & Thompson-Hollands, J. (2025). Obsessive Beliefs in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Journal of Rational - Emotive and Cognitive - Behavior Therapy, 43(3). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-025-00597-y
Fundi, M., Sanusi, I. T., Oyelere, S. S., & Ayere, M. (2024). Advancing AI education: Assessing Kenyan in-service teachers’ preparedness for integrating artificial intelligence in competence-based curriculum. Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2024.100412
Geethanjali, K. S., & Umashankar, N. (2025). Enhancing Educational Outcomes with Explainable AI: Bridging Transparency and Trust in Learning Systems. ESIC 2025 - 5th International Conference on Emerging Systems and Intelligent Computing, Proceedings, 325–328. https://doi.org/10.1109/ESIC64052.2025.10962568
Ghosh, M. (2025). Decoding user readiness for sustainable AI adoption: A behavioural approach through technology readiness segmentation (TRS). Sustainable Futures, 10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sftr.2025.100951
Gibson, D. C., & Ifenthaler, D. (2024). Why ‘Computational’ Learning Theories? 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-65898-3_1
Gkanatsiou, M. A., Triantari, S., Tzartzas, G., Kotopoulos, T., & Gkanatsios, S. (2025). Rewired Leadership: Integrating AI-Powered Mediation and Decision-Making in Higher Education Institutions. Technologies, 13(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies13090396
Helmiatin, Hidayat, A., & Kahar, M. R. (2024). Investigating the adoption of AI in higher education: a study of public universities in Indonesia. Cogent Education, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2024.2380175
Hmama, Z. (2025). Assessment as pedagogy: empowering entrepreneurial skill development through a multi-assessment model. Entrepreneurship Education. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41959-025-00161-w
Ji, Y., Zhan, Z., Li, T., Zou, X., & Lyu, S. (2025). Human-Machine Cocreation: The Effects of ChatGPT on Students’ Learning Performance, AI Awareness, Critical Thinking, and Cognitive Load in a STEM Course Toward Entrepreneurship. IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies, 18, 402–415. https://doi.org/10.1109/TLT.2025.3554584
Jia, X. H., & Tu, J. C. (2024). Towards a New Conceptual Model of AI-Enhanced Learning for College Students: The Roles of Artificial Intelligence Capabilities, General Self-Efficacy, Learning Motivation, and Critical Thinking Awareness. Systems, 12(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/systems12030074
Khan, U. S., & Jain, P. R. (2025). Research Designs and Methodologies. Introduction to Public Health and Research, 17–57. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-5154-2_2
Kim, J., Detrick, R., Yu, S., Song, Y., Bol, L., & Li, N. (2025). Socially shared regulation of learning and artificial intelligence: Opportunities to support socially shared regulation. Education and Information Technologies, 30(9), 11483–11521. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-024-13187-9
Kim, J., Yu, S., Detrick, R., Lin, X., & Li, N. (2025). Designing AI-powered learning: adult learners’ expectations for curriculum and human-AI interaction. Educational Technology Research and Development. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-025-10549-z
Lin, H., & Chen, Q. (2024). Artificial intelligence (AI) -integrated educational applications and college students’ creativity and academic emotions: students and teachers’ perceptions and attitudes. BMC Psychology, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-024-01979-0
Liu, N. (2025). Exploring the factors influencing the adoption of artificial intelligence technology by university teachers: the mediating role of confidence and AI readiness. BMC Psychology, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-025-02620-4
Lund, B. D., Lee, T. H., Mannuru, N. R., & Arutla, N. (2025). AI and Academic Integrity: Exploring Student Perceptions and Implications for Higher Education. Journal of Academic Ethics, 23(3), 1545–1565. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10805-025-09613-3
Magliocca, P., Faggioni, F., Muto, V., & Caputo, F. (2024). Technology readiness and digital gap for depicting socio-economic dynamics in society 5.0: a meso-level observation. Journal of Technology Transfer. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-024-10160-z
Mogaji, E., Viglia, G., Srivastava, P., & Dwivedi, Y. K. (2024). Is it the end of the technology acceptance model in the era of generative artificial intelligence? International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 36(10), 3324–3339. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-08-2023-1271
Morley, J., Hine, E., Roberts, H., Sirbu, R., Ashrafian, H., Blease, C., Boyd, M., Chen, J. L., Filho, A. C., Coiera, E., Cohen, G. I., Fiske, A., Jayakumar, N., Kerasidou, A., Mandreoli, F., McCradden, M. D., Namuganza, S., Nsoesie, E. O., Parikh, R. B., … Floridi, L. (2025). Global Health in the Age of AI: Charting a Course for Ethical Implementation and Societal Benefit. Minds and Machines, 35(3). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-025-09730-3
Mutambik, I. (2024). The Use of AI-Driven Automation to Enhance Student Learning Experiences in the KSA: An Alternative Pathway to Sustainable Education. Sustainability (Switzerland), 16(14). https://doi.org/10.3390/su16145970
Nasr, N. R., Tu, C. H., Werner, J., Bauer, T., Yen, C. J., & Sujo-Montes, L. (2025). Exploring the Impact of Generative AI ChatGPT on Critical Thinking in Higher Education: Passive AI-Directed Use or Human–AI Supported Collaboration? Education Sciences, 15(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15091198
Rahajeng, U. W., Hendriani, W., & Paramita, P. P. (2024). Navigating Higher Education Challenges: A Review of Strategies among Students with Disabilities in Indonesia. Disabilities, 4(3), 678–695. https://doi.org/10.3390/disabilities4030042
Samara, K., Mulholland, G., & Aluko, A. O. (2025). Impact of technology driven change on individuals’ readiness in higher education: grounded in micro-foundations. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 33(5), 1096–1113. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOA-03-2024-4388
Shuvo, M. I. M., & Ahmed, T. (2025). Sustainable clicks: exploring Gen Z’s e-commerce engagement and value perceptions for sustainable tourism. Sustainable Futures, 10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sftr.2025.101147
Siti Nurjannah, Della Vallientina, & Filsa Amanda. (2024). the Problems of Indonesian Education in Facing the Society 5.0 Era. Cendekia Journal of Teacher Professional Education, 1(1), 39–53.
Suranto, B., Kovač, N., Haryono, K., Abdul Rahman, S. F., Mohd Shukri, A. F., Suder, M., Kusa, R., & Žugić, D. (2025). State of digitalization in the Southeast Asia region – bibliometric analysis. Quality and Quantity. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-025-02296-3
Sutrisno, S., Azis, A., Setyawan, M. B., Anggraeni, D., Hidayah, Y., Hakiki, M., & Hamid, M. A. (2025). Assessing students ’ readiness for artificial intelligence-based project learning to strengthen local wisdom values in Indonesia. Cogent Education, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2025.2582948
Vetter, M. A., Lucia, B., Jiang, J., & Othman, M. (2024). Towards a framework for local interrogation of AI ethics: A case study on text generators, academic integrity, and composing with ChatGPT. Computers and Composition, 71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compcom.2024.102831
Wong, K. P., Wu, S., Lin, H., Poon, K., Zhang, B., & Qin, J. (2025). Finding Peace in Pixels: Exploring the Therapeutic Mechanisms of Virtual Nature for Young Adults’ Mental Well-Being. Healthcare (Switzerland), 13(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13080895
Wu, H., Li, D., & Mo, X. (2025). Understanding GAI risk awareness among higher vocational education students: An AI literacy perspective. Education and Information Technologies, 30(10), 14273–14304. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-024-13312-8
Zha, H., Li, W., Wang, W., & Xiao, J. (2025). The Paradox of AI Empowerment in Primary School Physical Education: Why Technology May Hinder, Not Help, Teaching Efficiency. Behavioral Sciences, 15(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15020240
Zhai, C., Wibowo, S., & Li, L. D. (2024). The effects of over-reliance on AI dialogue systems on students’ cognitive abilities: a systematic review. Smart Learning Environments, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-024-00316-7
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Happy Komikesari, Fijira Pasyah (Author)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.